Short-course radiotherapy and chemotherapy for conversion surgery in patients with unresectable metastatic rectal cancer: a preliminary case series study

Purpose@#Curative treatment is challenging in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and unresectable metastases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of short-course radiotherapy (RT) followed by systemic chemotherapy for patients with rectal cancer with mesorectal fascia (MRF) involvement and unresectable distant metastases. @*Methods@#The study included consecutive patients diagnosed as having metastatic mid-to-low rectal cancer treated with short-course RT followed by systemic chemotherapy for conversion radical or palliative surgery between 2014 and 2019 at Gil Medical Center. The patients had primary rectal tumors involving the MRF and unresectable distant metastases. The treatment strategies were determined in a multidisciplinary team discussion. @*Results@#Seven patients (five men and two women) underwent short-course RT (5 × 5 Gy) and preoperative systemic chemotherapy. The median age was 68 years (range, 46–84 years), and the median distance from the anal verge to the primary tumor was 6.0 cm (range, 2.0–9.0 cm). During the median follow-up period of 29.4 months, three patients underwent conversion radical surgery with R0 resection, two underwent palliative surgery, and two could not undergo surgery. No postoperative major morbidity or mortality occurred. The patients who underwent conversion complete radical surgery showed good long-term survival outcomes, with an overall survival time of 29.4–48.8 months and progression-free survival time of 14.7–41.1 months. @*Conclusion@#Short-course RT followed by systemic chemotherapy could provide patients with unresectable stage IV rectal cancer a chance to undergo to conversion radical surgery with good long-term survival outcomes.

Intraoperative Frozen Cytology of Central Nervous System Neoplasms: An Ancillary Tool for Frozen Diagnosis

BACKGROUND: Pathologic diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms is made by comparing light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and molecular cytogenetic findings with clinicoradiologic observations. Intraoperative frozen cytology smears can improve the diagnostic accuracy for CNS neoplasms. Here, we evaluate the diagnostic value of cytology in frozen diagnoses of CNS neoplasms. METHODS: Cases were selected from patients undergoing both frozen cytology and frozen sections. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty-four cases were included in this retrospective single-center review study covering a span of 10 years. Five discrepant cases (1.1%) were found after excluding 53 deferred cases (31 cases of tentative diagnosis, 22 cases of inadequate frozen sampling). A total of 346 cases of complete concordance and 50 cases of partial concordance were classified as not discordant cases in the present study. Diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative frozen diagnosis was 87.2%, and the accuracy was 98.8% after excluding deferred cases. Discrepancies between frozen and permanent diagnoses (n = 5, 1.1%) were found in cases of nonrepresentative sampling (n = 2) and misinterpretation (n = 3). High concordance was observed more frequently in meningeal tumors (97/98, 99%), metastatic brain tumors (51/52, 98.1%), pituitary adenomas (86/89, 96.6%), schwannomas (45/47, 95.8%), high-grade astrocytic tumors (47/58, 81%), low grade astrocytic tumors (10/13, 76.9%), non-neoplastic lesions (23/36, 63.9%), in decreasing frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Using intraoperative cytology and frozen sections of CNS tumors is a highly accurate diagnostic ancillary method, providing subtyping of CNS neoplasms, especially in frequently encountered entities.

Acute Aortic Thrombosis Following Capecitabine Chemotherapy in a Patient with Colon Cancer

The elevated risk for thromboembolic events in cancer patients has been well documented. Chemotherapy is considered to be one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular complications such as arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, angina, and myocardial infarction. However, acute aortic thrombosis is an extremely rare complication in patients receiving chemotherapy. The authors report a case of acute aortic thrombosis after adjuvant capecitabine chemotherapy for colon cancer.

Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation and pattern of brain metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS@#We investigated the time taken for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to develop brain metastases (BM), as well as their subsequent overall median survival following diagnosis, considering the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutational status.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively investigated the medical records of 259 patients diagnosed with advanced NSCLC from January 2010 to August 2013, who were tested for EGFR mutations. The time from the diagnosis of advanced NSCLC to the development of BM and the overall median survival after BM development (BM-OS) were evaluated and compared by EGFR mutational status.@*RESULTS@#Sixty-seven patients (25.9%) developed BM. Synchronous BM occurred more often in patients with EGFR mutation type (MT) (n = 20, 27.4%) compared with EGFR wild type (WT) (n = 27, 14.5%, p < 0.009). The median BM-OS was significantly longer in patients with EGFR MT than in those with EGFR WT (25.7 months vs. 3.8 months, p < 0.001), and a similar trend was noticed for patients with synchronous BM (25.7 months for EGFR MT vs. 6.8 months for EGFR WT, p < 0.001). However, in patients with metachronous BM development, the difference in BM-OS between patients with EGFR MT (14.6 months) and EGFR WT (2.5 months) did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.230).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Synchronous BM was more common in NSCLC patients with EGFR MT than in those with EGFR WT. However, EGFR mutations were associated with significantly longer median BM-OS, especially when the brain was the first metastatic site.

A Korean Nationwide Survey for Breakthrough Cancer Pain in an Inpatient Setting / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: We evaluated the prevalence and characteristics of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) in Korean patients admitted with cancer pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In-hospital patients with cancer pain completed a questionnaire concerning severity of background cancer pain (BCP), prevalence and treatment for BTcP, sleep disorders, and satisfaction with cancer pain treatment. Medical records showing medications for BCP and BTcP were also evaluated. RESULTS: Total 609 patients with controlled BCP enrolled. Mean age of the patients was 59.5 years old, and 59% were male. Of all patients, 177 (29%) complained of BTcP. No clinical characteristic predicted BTcP. Of the 177 patients with BTcP, 56% did not receive treatment for BTcP. Patients with BTcP showed significant association with a sleep disorder and dissatisfaction with pain control, compared to those without BTcP (p < 0.0001 and p=0.0498, respectively). Oxycodone-immediate release was the most commonly used short-acting analgesic, followed by intravenous morphine. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of BTcP was 29% in patients admitted with controlled BCP. Although the patients had well-controlled BCP, BTcP showed association with a lower quality of life in patients with cancer. More medical attention is needed for detection and management of BTcP.

Synchronous Peripancreatic Lymph Node Gastrinoma and Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumor Type 2

A 34-year-old man was referred to our hospital with gastric polypoid lesions and biopsy-confirmed neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Computed tomography (CT) revealed a 3×3.5×8-cm retroperitoneal mass behind the pancreas, with multiple hepatic metastases. His serum gastrin level was elevated to 1,396 pg/mL. We performed a wedge resection of the stomach, a right hemi-hepatectomy, and a retroperitoneal mass excision. After careful review of the clinical, radiological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings, peripancreatic gastrinoma, and synchronous gastric NET were ultimately diagnosed. We reviewed a CT scan that had been performed 6 years previously after surgery for a duodenal perforation. There was no evidence of gastric or hepatic lesions, but the retroperitoneal mass was present at the same site. Had gastrinoma been detected earlier, our patient could have been cured using less invasive treatment. This case demonstrates how important it is to consider Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in patients with a recurrent or aggressive ulcer.

Rare Case of Anal Canal Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma Associated with Perianal and Vulvar Pagetoid Spread

A 61-year-old woman was referred to surgery for incidentally found colonic polyps during a health examination. Physical examination revealed widespread eczematous skin lesion without pruritus in the perianal and vulvar area. Abdominopelvic computed tomography showed an approximately 4-cm-sized, soft tissue lesion in the right perianal area. Inguinal lymph node dissection and Mils' operation extended to perianal and perivulvar skin was performed. Histologically, the anal canal lesion was composed of mucin-containing signet ring cells, which were similar to those found in Pagetoid skin lesions. It was diagnosed as an anal canal signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) with perianal and vulvar Pagetoid spread and bilateral inguinal lymph node metastasis. Anal canal SRCC is rare, and the current case is the third reported case in the English literature. Seven additional cases were retrieved from the world literature. Here, we describe this rare case of anal canal SRCC with perianal Pagetoid spread and provide a literature review.

Randomized Phase II Study of Pemetrexed Versus Gefitinib in Previously Treated Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pemetrexed versus gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced (stage IIIB or IV) or recurrent NSCLC were randomly assigned to receive either 500 mg/m(2) of pemetrexed intravenously every 3 weeks or gefitinib 250 mg/day orally. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) at 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 95 patients were enrolled (47 for pemetrexed and 48 for gefitinib). Most patients were male (72%) and current/ex-smokers (69%), and 80% had non-squamous cell carcinoma. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status was determined in 38 patients (40%); one patient per each arm was positive for EGFR mutation. The 6-month PFS rates were 22% and 15% for pemetrexed and gefitinib, respectively (p=0.35). Both arms showed an identical median PFS of 2.0 months and a median overall survival (OS) of 8.5 months. In EGFR wild-type patients, higher response rate (RR) and longer PFS as well as OS were achieved via pemetrexed compared with gefitinib, although there were no significant differences (RR: 39% vs. 9%, p=0.07; median PFS: 6.6 months vs. 3.1 months, p=0.45; median OS: 29.6 months vs. 12.9 months, p=0.62). Toxicities were mild in both treatment arms. Frequently reported toxicities were anemia and fatigue for pemetrexed, and skin rash and anorexia for gefitinib. CONCLUSION: Both pemetrexed and gefitinib had similar efficacy with good tolerability as second-line treatment in unselected patients with advanced NSCLC. However, pemetrexed is considered more effective than gefitinib for EGFR wild-type patients.

Prognostic Factors for Risk Stratification of Patients with Recurrent or Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Who Were Treated with Gemcitabine-Based Chemotherapy / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to verify prognostic factors including sarcopenia in patients with recurrent or metastatic pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records and computed tomography scan of consecutive patients treated with palliative gemcitabine-based chemotherapy from 2008 to 2014 were reviewed. The lumbar skeletal muscle index at third lumbar spine level was computed, and together with clinicolaboratory factors, univariate and multivariable analyses for overall survival (OS) were performed. RESULTS: A total of 88 patients were found. Median age was 65 years, and male patients were predominant (67.0%). Most patients had initially metastatic disease (72.7%), and gemcitabine monotherapy was administered in 29 patients (33.0%) while gemcitabine plus erlotinib was administered in 59 patients (67.0%). Seventy-six patients (86.3%) had sarcopenia. With a median follow-up period of 44.3 months (range, 0.6 to 44.3 months), median OS was 5.35 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.11 to 6.59). In univariate and multivariable analysis, high carcinoembryonic antigen level (hazard ratio [HR], 4.18; 95% CI, 1.95 to 8.97; p < 0.001), initially metastatic disease (HR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.55 to 7.32; p=0.002), sarcopenia (HR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.20 to 7.36; p=0.019), neutrophilia (HR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.27 to 6.79; p=0.012), and high lactate dehydrogenase level (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.07 to 3.58; p=0.029) were identified as independent prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSION: Five independent prognostic factors in patients with recurrent or metastatic pancreatic cancer who received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy were identified. These findings may be helpful in prediction of prognosis in clinical practice and can be used as a stratification factor for clinical trials.

Oxaliplatin-Induced Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

Oxaliplatin is a third-generation platinum derivative used for metastatic or advanced colorectal cancer treatment. Although myelosuppression is the most common cause of oxaliplatin-induced thrombocytopenia, rare cases of oxaliplatin-induced immune-mediated thrombocytopenia are reported. We report a case of a 57-year-old woman with colon cancer who developed gum bleeding and petechiae after oxaliplatin infusion. Laboratory tests revealed grade 4 thrombocytopenia and grade 4 neutropenia. She recovered from the thrombocytopenia and accompanying neutropenia within 4 days with no recurrence following discontinuation of oxaliplatin. Physicians need to be aware of the risk of severe acute thrombocytopenia following oxaliplatin administration.

Systemic Treatment for Metastatic Bladder Cancer / 대한내과학회지

Metastatic bladder cancer is generally incurable, with a median survival of 14 to 15 months under a modern chemotherapy regimen. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy, including the combination regimens methotrexate-vinblastine-doxorubicin-cisplatin and gemcitabine-cisplatin, are the standard first-line therapy. Despite response rates of 40% to 60% achieved, most patients' cancers progress after about 8 months. Second-line single agents have only marginal efficacy after cisplatin-based treatment failure, with objective response rates of 5% to 20% and a median progression-free survival of only 3 to 4 months. Moreover, there is little evidence that second-line systemic treatment can substantially improve overall survival or quality of life. Agents targeting growth, survival, and proliferation pathways have been added to cytotoxic therapy with limited added benefits to date. Drugs that modulate the host immune response to cancer-associated antigens, including immunologic checkpoint blockade by antibodies against programmed cell death protein-1 or its ligands, appear promising, and multiple new therapeutic approaches are being pursued. In addition, the receptor tyrosine kinase/Ras pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway represent potential therapeutic targets for advanced disease, and novel agents are in development.

Radiation therapy with chemotherapy for patients with cervical cancer and supraclavicular lymph node involvement / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to evaluate the outcomes of cervical cancer patients with supraclavicular lymph node (SCLN) involvement and who received radiation therapy (RT) combined with chemotherapy. METHODS: From August 2001 to April 2009, nine cervical cancer patients with SCLN involvement were treated by RT and cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Most of the patients (8/9, 88.9%) also had a positive para-aortic lymph node (PALN). The RT field was designed to include the whole pelvis, the involved PALNs and the SCLN area. The median SCLN RT dose was 66.6 Gy (range, 60 to 70 Gy). RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 61 months (range, 13 to 98 months). The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 66.7% and 55.6%, respectively and the 3- and 5-year progression-free survival rates were 66.7% and 44.4%, respectively. The acute hematologic toxicities according to the criteria of Radiation Therapy of Oncology Group (RTOG) were G1/2 leucopenia in 3 (33.3%), G3/4 leukopenia in 6 (66.7%), G1/2 anemia in 7 (77.8%), G3 anemia in 1 (11.1%), G2 thrombocytopenia in 2 (22.2%), and G3/4 thrombocytopenia in 2 (22.2%). Within 6 months after RT, most of the patients (5/6, 83.3%) recovered from the G3/4 leukopenia, except for 1 patient who received chemotherapy after completing RT due to subsequent bone metastasis. CONCLUSION: For patients with advanced cervix cancer and SCLN involvement, RT with chemotherapy as active therapy can be expected to provide favorable results, although there is an increased risk of G3/4 hematologic toxicity.

Irinotecan and Cisplatin Combination Chemotherapy Plus Concurrent Thoracic Irradiation for Patients with Limited Disease Small Cell Lung Cancer

PURPOSE: To evaluate the antitumor activity and safety of irinotecan plus cisplatin combination chemotherapy with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) in patients with limited disease (LD) small cell lung cancer (SCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with pathologically-confirmed LD SCLC with the following inclusion criteria were retrospectively analyzed: age > or =18 years; measurable lesion; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status 0~2; chemotherapy naive; and adequate bone marrow and organ function. Patients received an intravenous (IV) infusion of irinotecan (35 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15) and cisplatin (60 mg/m2 on day 1), which was repeated every 4 weeks for up to 6 cycles. Concurrent TRT was administered with the beginning of chemotherapy. Irinotecan was increased to 60 mg/m2 after completion of TRT. Patients with a complete response (CR) subsequently received prophylactic cranial irradiation. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were analyzed. There were 8 patients (42.1%) with CR, 9 patients (47.4%) with partial response, and 1 patient each (5.3%) with stable disease and progressive disease (PD). The overall response rate was 89.5%. The median progression-free survival was 7.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3~14.0 months) and the median overall survival was 12.4 months (95% CI, 0.5~24.2 months). The 2-year survival rate of the CR patients was 75.0%. No grade 4 hematologic toxicity was reported. Frequently reported toxicities were nausea (10 patients), radiation-induced pneumonitis (10 patients), and neutropenia (6 patients). Radiation-related severe toxicities were frequently reported. Three patients had treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSION: This study supports the activity and tolerability of irinotecan plus cisplatin with concurrent TRT in patients with LD SCLC.

Additional rituximab-CHOP (R-CHOP) versus involved-field radiotherapy after a brief course of R-CHOP in limited, non-bulky diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a retrospective analysis / 대한혈액학회지

BACKGROUND: Standard treatment for stage I or non-bulky stage II diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has been either a brief course of chemotherapy plus involved-field radiotherapy (IFRT) or prolonged cycles of chemotherapy. The introduction of rituximab has necessitated re-evaluation of the treatment for limited disease (LD) DLBCL. METHODS: Thirty-nine LD DLBCL patients (median age, 52 years; range, 24-85) treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (R-CHOP) were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment outcomes were evaluated, and toxicity, event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared according to the treatment and risk factors. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 34.6 months (range, 9.1-65.4). The 3-year EFS and OS were 76.0% and 86.0%, respectively. Among the 36 patients who underwent either 3-4 cycles of R-CHOP followed by IFRT (N=22) or 6-8 cycles of R-CHOP (N=14), there was no difference in the 3-year EFS (79.4% vs. 71.6%, P=0.638) and 3-year OS (85.7% vs. 92.9%, P=0.732). Severe neutropenia and neutropenic fever were more frequent in patients treated with R-CHOP alone, with 1 treatment-related mortality. Among the IFRT patients, 1 required hospital admission for IFRT-related complications. No events or deaths were reported among patients without adverse risk factors. CONCLUSION: The difference in outcomes between the 2 treatment options was not significant. Analysis of treatment outcomes suggested that baseline characteristics and expected toxicities should be considered in LD DLBCL treatment. Further studies are needed to define the optimal treatment in the rituximab era.

Recurrent and Metastatic Trichilemmal Carcinoma of the Skin Over the Thigh: A Case Report / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

Trichilemmal carcinoma (TC) is an uncommon cutaneous neoplasm that develops from the external root sheath of the hair follicle. It is considered to be a low-grade carcinoma with low metastatic potential. Local recurrence and metastasis are rare after surgical excision. We report here on a case of metastatic TC in the skin over the thigh, and this tumor was treated with cisplatin and cyclophosphamide combination chemotherapy.

Analysis of the Radiation Therapy Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Thymoma / 대한방사선종양학회지

PURPOSE: This retrospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of radiation therapy (RT) and to investigate the prognostic factors for thymoma when treated with RT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 21 patients with thymoma and also received RT from March 2002 to January 2008. The median follow-up time was 37 months (range, 3 to 89 months). The median patient age was 57 years (range, 24 to 77 years) and the gender ratio of males to females was 4:3. Of the 21 patients, complete resections (trans-sternal thymectomy) and R2 resections were performed in 14 and 1 patient, respectively. A biopsy was performed in 6 patients (28.7%). The WHO cell types in the 21 patients were as follows: 1 patient (4.8%) had type A, 10 patients (47.6%) had type B1-3, and 10 patients (47.6%) had type C. Based on Masaoka staging, 10 patients (47.6%) were stage II, 7 patients (33.3%) were stage III, and 4 patients (19.1%) were stage IVa. Three-dimensional RT was adminstered to the tumor volume (planned target volume), including the anterior mediastinum and the residual disease. The total RT dose ranged from 52.0 to 70.2 Gy (median dose, 54 Gy). Consistent with the WHO criteria, the response rate was only analyzed for the 6 patients who received a biopsy only. The prognostic factors analyzed for an estimate of survival included age, gender, tumor size, tumor pathology, Masaoka stage, the possibility of treatment by performing surgery, the presence of myasthenia gravis, and RT dose. RESULTS: The 3-year overall survival rate (OS) and the progression free survival rate (PFS) were 80.7% and 78.2%, respectively. Among the 10 patients with WHO cell type C, 3 of 4 patients (75%) who underwent a complete resection and 3 of 6 patients (50%) who underwent a biopsy survived. Distant metastasis developed in 4 patients (19.1%). The overall response rate in the 6 patients who received biopsy only were as follows: partial remission in 4 patients (66.7%), stable disease in 1 patient (16.6%), and progressive disease in 1 patient (16.6%). Acute RTOG radiation pneumonitis occurred in 1 patient (4.8%), grade 2 occurred in 2 patients (9.5%), grade 3 occurred in 1 patient (4.8%), and grade 4 occurred in 1 patient (4.8%). A univariate analysis revealed that the significant prognostic factors for OS were age (> or =60, 58.3%; <60, 100%; p=0.0194), pathology (WHO cell type A-B3, 100%; C, 58.3%; p=0.0194) and, whether the patient underwent surgery (yes, 93.3%; no, 50%; p=0.0096). CONCLUSION: For the 15 patients who received surgery, there was no local failure within the radiation field. In patients with WHO cell type C, surgical procedures could have resulted in a more favorable outcome than biopsy alone. We report here our clinical experience in 21 patients with thymoma who were treated by radiation therapy.

Oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and Leucovorin (FOLFOX-4) Combination Chemotherapy as a Salvage Treatment in Advanced Gastric Cancer / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the efficacy and safety of FOLFOX-4 chemotherapy as a salvage treatment for patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The AGC patients with an ECOG performance status of 0~1 and progressive disease after prior treatments were registered onto this phase II trial. The patients received oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2 on day 1), leucovorin (200 mg/m2 on days 1 and 2) and 5-fluorouracil (400 mg/m2 as a bolus and 600 mg/m2 as a 22-hour infusion on days 1 and 2) every 2 weeks. RESULTS: For the 42 treated patients, a total of 228 chemotherapy cycles (median: 5, range: 1~12) were administered. Twenty-nine patients (69%) received FOLFOX-4 chemotherapy as a third-(50%) or fourth-line (19%) treatment. On the intent-to-treat analysis, 9 patients (21%) achieved a partial response, which was maintained for 4.6 months. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 3.0 months and 6.2 months, respectively. The frequently encountered toxicities were neutropenia and gastrointestinal side effects, including anorexia. Although there was one possible treatment-related death, the toxicity profiles were generally predictable and manageable. CONCLUSION: Salvage chemotherapy with FOLFOX-4 is an effective and tolerable regimen for those heavily pretreated AGC patients who have a good performance status.

Clinical characteristics of lung cancer diagnosed from 2006 to 2008: Data from Gachon University Gil Hospital / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study examined the clinical characteristics of patients with lung cancer who were diagnosed at the Gachon University of Medicine and Science Gil Hospital from January 2006 to December 2008. METHODS: The lung cancer data were downloaded from the hospital medical information system using cancer registration information. The patient clinical characteristics were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 713 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer. Their median age was 69 years, 78.1% were over 60 years old, and 73.1% and 58.2% were men and smokers, respectively. Adenocarcinoma (32.7%) was the most common histologic type, followed by squamous carcinoma (25.9%), unclassifiable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (17.3%), and small-cell carcinoma (SCLC) (15.0%). In the NSCLC group, the stage at diagnosis was IA (1.5%), IB (5.6%), IIA (1.3%), IIB (4.3%), IIIA (5.4%), IIIB (23.1%), IV (47.7%), and unknown (11.1%). In the SCLC group, 20.6% of the patients were in the limited stage, 76.6% were in the extensive stage, and 2.8% were unknown. The patients were treated by surgery (9.8%), concurrent chemoradiotherapy (6.7%), radiotherapy only (5.9%), chemotherapy (32.4%), or best supportive care only (29.7%). The median overall survival was 15.3 months (95% CI, 11.5~19.1). The median survival based on histology was adenocarcinoma (35.0 months), squamous (13.5 months), NSCLC (14.2 months), and SCLC (11.8 months) (p=0.0445). CONCLUSIONS: Adenocarcinoma was the most common histologic type at our institute. Most patients were over 60 years of age (78.1%) and had stage III/IV (76.3%) cancer. The survival of patients with adenocarcinoma was longer than that for the other histological types.

Pemetrexed versus Gefitinib versus Erlotinib in Previously Treated Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The efficacy and safety of pemetrexed, gefitinib, and erlotinib administration in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were compared. METHODS: The study patients met the following criteria: histologically confirmed, previously treated advanced (stage IIIB or IV) or recurrent NSCLC; a measurable lesion; > or = 18 years of age; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance status 0 to 2; and no prior exposure to the three study drugs. Patients received 500 mg/m2 of pemetrexed intravenously every 3 weeks with vitamin supplementation, gefitinib (250 mg/day per os), or erlotinib (150 mg/day per os). RESULTS: Of 57 patients (pemetrexed, 20; gefitinib, 20; and erlotinib, 17), 55 were evaluated for a response. The numbers of males, smokers, and squamous histology were increased in the pemetrexed group compared to the other groups. The objective response rates were 5.3%, 25.0%, and 12.5% (p = 0.22), and the disease control rates (DCR) were 5.3%, 40.0%, and 50.0%, respectively (p < 0.01). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 1.7, 3.5, and 4.4 months (p < 0.01) and the median overall survival (OS) was 5.6, 21.8, and 21.5 months (p = 0.04), respectively. In subgroup analyses, patients with non-squamous histology, males, and a smoking history had a higher DCR and longer PFS with gefitinib and erlotinib than with pemetrexed. All three chemotherapeutic agents had manageable toxicities. CONCLUSIONS: Both oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) had comparable efficacy and safety. The superior PFS and OS of EGFR TKIs with more favorable baseline clinical characteristics than those of pemetrexed suggest the impact of baseline clinicopathological factors.

Prolonged Extreme Thrombocytosis in a Postsplenectomy Patient with Hereditary Spherocytosis / 대한혈액학회지

We report a case of prolonged extreme reactive thrombocytosis in a post-splenectomy patient with hereditary spherocytosis. A 29-year-old female patient presented with gall stones detected incidentally by abdominal ultrasonography. Her laboratory findings showed hemolytic anemia with spherocytosis on the peripheral blood smear and increased osmotic fragility. She was diagnosed with hereditary spherocytosis and underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and splenectomy. After undergoing surgery, the hemolytic anemia was resolved but thrombocytosis was newly detected. Nineteen months after the splenectomy, the thrombocytosis was still persistent and extremely high. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a prolonged extreme reactive thrombocytosis after a splenectomy in Korea.